Woodworking hand tools are tools used by woodworkers in manual operation, and are also the cornerstone of the invention of electric tools and pneumatic tools, mainly including hand saws, wood planers, wood files, hand chisels, wood sandpaper, and measuring tools.
hand saw
The sawing process of hand sawing is an important part of the production and processing of traditional furniture.
sawtooth road
Saw, which can saw wood into various shapes, or to the required size of wood components. The purpose of sawing is to cut the wood longitudinally or transversely. When the saw is sawing, it is a working process in which the saw blade quickly cuts the wood in a linear form or in a curved form of light pressing and advancing motion.
The saw cuts wood in this process. Due to the continuous action of the saw teeth, the wood also produces a large friction or extrusion force on the saw teeth. Therefore, the saw blade must have the strength to resist the extrusion force, and have certain plasticity and heat resistance, so that the tooth edge of the saw blade will not become dull.
When choosing a saw blade, it is necessary to choose a saw blade with good rigidity and good toughness, so that the saw blade is easy to file and grind, and it is durable. Generally, hand saw blades are commonly made of carbon tool steel, which has better rigidity and heat treatment; mechanical circular saw blades are made of alloy tool steel, which can meet the working characteristics of circular saw blades; band saw blades are made of Made of chromium-tungsten-manganese alloy steel, its rigidity and hardness are relatively moderate. Therefore, the selection of saw blades also requires a real understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of saw blades in practice.
In the practice of production, along with the improvement of the quality of furniture products and the improvement and development of the production process, woodworking craftsmen have invented many sawing tools that meet the needs of processing, some of which have been eliminated, and some continue to be used. However, judging from the technological characteristics of traditional craftsmen at this stage, one is that traditional craftsmanship still requires hand tools; the other is that the sharpening, repairing and maintenance techniques of mechanized production are all related to the maintenance technology principles of hand tools. Therefore, knowing many traditional types of saws, being familiar with the performance of hand saws, and being good at using them correctly will help improve the production level of traditional craftsmanship.
The core of the woodworking saw is the sawtooth. The saws for different sawing purposes have different tooth shapes and sawing paths. The shape of the tooth blade is related to the angle of the sawtooth. In general, the sawtooth shape is slightly inclined, about 90°-95°, and the cutting saw and the curved saw are between 80°-85°. When in use, the larger the angle formed by the sawtooth angle and the tooth root line of the saw blade, the weaker the sawing force and the easier the sawdust to be discharged.
The hardness and degree of dryness of the wood material also determine the angle of the sawtooth. For example, when sawing hard or dry wood, the angle of the sawtooth should be smaller, and when sawing soft or wet wood, the angle of the sawtooth should be as large as possible. . Newly made saws or saws with blunt edges should be filed with a file.
When filing teeth, it should be noted that the tooth back of the tooth shape is not higher than the tooth edge, the edge of the throat angle is straight and not protruding, the distance between the teeth is consistent, the size of the tooth chamber is uniform, the throat angle should be slightly curved, and the tooth tip is sharp and bright. . Due to the different purposes of sawing, the saw also needs to perform different forms of bifurcation processing on the sawtooth, so as to form a "saw path" in which the teeth are separated from left to right and wide or narrow. The sawing road is mostly completed with the aid of a special "feeder". When cutting the sawtooth, pay attention to the uniformity of the sawing road, the same size and angle, the sawing road being straight, and no protruding, concave or twisted teeth exist, otherwise the saw will appear during use. The phenomenon of jumping or "running the line" affects the normal sawing. A large sawing road is suitable for sawing soft or damp wood, while a small sawing road is suitable for sawing hard or dry wood.
Type of saw
1. Frame saw. Also known as frame saw, it is composed of I-shaped wooden frame, twisted rope and strand, saw blade, etc. Both ends of the saw blade are fixed on the frame with knobs, which can be used to adjust the angle of the saw blade. After the twisted rope is tightened, the saw blade is taut and ready to use. The frame saw can be divided into three types: coarse, medium and fine according to the length and pitch of the saw blade. The rough saw blade is 650-750mm long and the tooth pitch is 4-5mm. The rough saw is mainly used for sawing thick wood; the medium saw blade is 550-650mm long and the tooth pitch is 3-4mm. The medium saw is mainly used for sawing thin wood or Tenoning head; fine saw blade length 450-500mm, tooth pitch 2-3mm, fine saw is mainly used for sawing thin wood and tenoning pull shoulder.
2. Knife saw. The knife saw is mainly composed of two parts: the saw blade and the saw handle. The single-sided saw is 350mm long and has teeth on one side. According to the different functions of the teeth, it can be divided into longitudinal cutting and horizontal cutting; the double-sided saw is 300mm long and has teeth on both sides. The teeth on both sides are generally a longitudinal cutting saw on one side , and the other side is a cross-cut saw. The length of the sawing board of the clip-back saw is 250-300mm. The back of the clip-back saw is straightened with a steel bar, and the sawtooth is finer, and there are vertical cutting and horizontal cutting saws.
3. Slot saw. The slot saw consists of a handle and a saw blade, and the length of the saw is about 200mm. Slot saws are primarily used for grooving wood.
4. Panel saw. Also called a hand saw. It consists of a handle and a saw blade. The length of the saw blade is about 250-750mm, and the tooth pitch is 3-4mm. The panel saw is mainly used for sawing wider boards.
5. Narrow hand saw. The saw blade is narrow and long, the front end is pointed, and the length is about 300-400mm. The narrow hand saw is mainly used for sawing narrow holes and grooves.
6. Jigsaw. Also known as a round saw, its structure is the same as that of a frame saw, but the saw blade is narrow (about 10mm), and it is mainly used for sawing arcs, curves and other parts.
7. Wire saw. Also known as a hack saw, it is made of bamboo pieces that are bent into a bow shape, and steel wires are stretched at both ends. The length of the steel wire is about 200-600mm, and the length of the saw bow is 800-900mm. Wire saws are mainly used for sawing complex curves and openings.